Municipal wastewater treatment plants are one of the major contributors to the increase in the global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and therefore it is necessary to carry out intensive studies on quantification, assessment and characterization of GHG emissions in wastewater treatment plants, on the life cycle assessment from GHG emission prospective, and on the GHG mitigation strategies. BMJ Open 2019 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028334.Advanced wastewater treatment processes and novel technologies are adopted to improve nutrient removal from wastewater so as to meet stringent discharge standards. WHO recommendations on physical activity versus compliance rate within a specific urban population as assessed through IPAQ survey: a cross-sectional cohort study. Bamboo reusable cups are not always biodegradable & can be harmful to health. Available at (I,F)%20e_Sustainable%20Management%20and%20Utilization%20of%20sumpodial%20Bamboos_e.pdf (accessed July 2020). Hong Kong: China Forestry Publishing House, 2007. Sustainable Management and Utilization of Sympodial Bamboos. Plastic waste set to beat price as UK shoppers' top concern - study. The plastic backlash: what's behind our sudden rage - and will it make a difference? The Guardian (London) 2018 November 13. Toothbrush care: cleaning, storing and replacement. Available at (accessed July 2020).Īmerican Dental Association. China's Bamboo: Culture, Resources, Cultivation and Utilization (Part 1) - Technical Report No. Volume 4: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use. In Eggleston H S, Buendia L, Miwa K, Ngara T, Tanabe K (eds) 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. N2O Emissions from Managed Soils, and CO2 Emissions from Lime and Urea Application. Available at (accessed November 2019).ĭe Klein C, Novoa R S A, Ogle S et al. Available at (accessed July 2020).īamboo Grove. The 6 best electric toothbrush choices in the UK. Sustainability and the Childsmile Programme. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014 DOI: 10.1002/3.
#N2o openlca manual#
Powered versus manual toothbrushing for oral health. Yaacob M, Worthington H V, Deacon S A et al. Available online at (accessed November 2019). Delivering better oral health: an evidence-based toolkit for prevention. Product Environmental Footprint Category Rules Guidance, Version 6.3. Available at (accessed November 2019).Įuropean Commission Joint Research Centre. Coalition for Sustainable Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices.
#N2o openlca iso#
ISO 14001:2015 - Environmental management systems - Requirements with guidance for use. International Organization for Standardization.
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#N2o openlca update#
Carbon footprint update for NHS in England 2015. International comparison of health care carbon footprints. Pichler P P, Jaccard I S, Weisz U, Weiscz H. Managing the health effects of climate change. LCA methodology can be used to make healthcare more sustainable.Ĭostello A, Abbas M, Allen A et al. These results could be used to inform individual consumer choice, oral health recommendations, procurement of toothbrushes for public health programmes and toothbrush manufacturers. The climate change potential of the electric toothbrush was 11 times greater than the bamboo toothbrush.ĭiscussion Switching toothbrushes from the traditional toothbrushes to bamboo or replaceable-head plastic is more environmentally sustainable. The bamboo and replaceable-head plastic toothbrushes had the lowest impact in all categories. Results The electric toothbrush performed consistently poorly compared to the three manual toothbrush types and had the greatest impact in 15 out of 16 environmental categories. Life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology was applied to quantify the environmental impact of these toothbrushes over five years. Materials and methods Four types of toothbrush were studied: a traditional plastic and electric toothbrush, as well as a plastic manual toothbrush with replaceable heads and a bamboo manual toothbrush. The aim of this study was to compare the sustainability of different types of toothbrush. The toothbrush is a widely recommended healthcare device worldwide. Introduction Healthcare professionals should consider environmental sustainability when recommending medical devices to patients, although there is currently little quantitative data available.